Summary: Moleculargenetic results of lymphocyte maturation and the development of lymphomas are reviewed from the literature. Physiological rearrangement of immunoglobulins and T-cell reteptor in normal lymphocyte maturation and pathological rearrangements, translocations in non Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic myeloid leukemia are demonstrated. Those recent analytic method and results have improved our knowledge of pathophysiology of Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and their oncogenesis. Sensitive detection of minimal residual disease permits the optimization of the therapy.